Manufacturing Industries Class 10 – Complete Notes, NCERT Solutions & CBSE 2025 Exam Prep
Manufacturing Industries Class 10 Notes
|
Subject |
Social Science (Geography) |
|
Class |
10 |
|
Board |
CBSE and State Boards |
|
Chapter
No. |
6 |
|
Chapter
Name |
Manufacturing Industries |
|
Type |
Notes |
|
Session |
2025 |
Table of Contents
- Factors responsible for the location of industries
- Classification of Industries
- Cotton Textile Industry
- Jute Textiles
- Sugar Industries
- Iron and Steel Industry
- Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation
- Control of Environmental Degradation
Importance of
Manufacturing
The
manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of general and economic
development because:
- Manufacturing
industries help in modernizing agriculture.
- It helps
in reducing the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by
providing them with jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
- It helps
eradicate unemployment and poverty in our country.
- It helps
in reducing regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and
backward areas.
- The
export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce and helps in
bringing foreign exchange.
- Countries
with large numbers of manufacturing industries are prosperous.
Agricultural sector and manufacturing sector move hand in hand
- The
given statement means that agricultural and manufacturing industries are
not exclusive of each other and are quite interconnected.
- Agro-industries
in India have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its
productivity and efficiency.
- Agro-industries
are units that add value to agricultural produce, intermediates, and/or
residues by processing or improving storability or by providing links from
the farm to the market or part thereof.
- Industries
depend on agriculture for raw materials and sell their products such as
irrigation pumps, fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides, PVC pipes,
machines, tools, etc to farmers.
- So, the
development and competitiveness of manufacturing industries have not only
assisted agriculturalists and farmers in increasing their production but
also made the production processes very efficient and far better.
Factors
responsible for the location of industries
Physical
factors:
- Availability
of raw materials – This factor is more important for heavy industries like
iron and steel, cement industry, etc.
- Availability
of power resources – Proximity to power resources like coal, and
electricity will attract more industries.
- Availability
of water – Almost all industries require a huge quantity of water.
- Availability
of favorable climate.
Human
factors:
- The
availability of skilled and unskilled laborers attracts more industries.
- Proximity
to market – This reduces transport costs and delays.
- Infrastructural
facilities – Like banking, transport, communication, etc. attract more
industries.
- Government
policy – Tax benefits and subsidies on inputs play an important role in
industrial location.
Classification of Industries
Based on the source of raw materials
- Agro-based
industries (eg. Cotton, woolen, jute, silk, etc.)
- Mineral-based
industries (eg. Iron and steel, cement, aluminium, etc.)
Based on the main role
- Basic or
key industries: These industries supply their products as raw materials to
manufacture other goods. Examples: iron and steel industry, copper
smelting, aluminium smelting.
- Consumer
industries: These industries produce goods for direct use by consumers.
Examples: sugar, paper, toothpaste, fans, etc.
Based on capital investment
- Small
scale industry: Maximum investment allowed on the assets of a unit is ₹ 1
Crore.
- Large
scale industry: When investment in the assets of a unit is more than ₹ 1
Crore.
Based on ownership
- Public
sector industries: Public sector industries are owned and operated by
government agencies. For example BHEL, SAIL, etc.
- Private
sector industries: Private sector industries are owned and operated by
individuals or a group of individuals. For example TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd.,
Dabur industries, etc.
- Joint
sector industries: Joint sector industries are jointly run by the state
and individuals or a group of individuals. For example Oil India Limited
(OIL).
- Cooperative
sector industries: Cooperative sector industries are owned and operated by
the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers, or both. They pool
the resources and share the profits or losses proportionately. For example
Sugar industry, coir industry, etc.
Based
on the bulk and weight of raw material and finished goods:
- Heavy
industries such as iron and steel
- Light
industries that use light raw materials and produce light goods such as
electrical goods industries.
Cotton Textile Industry
In
the early years, the cotton textile industry was concentrated in the
cotton-growing belt of Maharashtra and Gujarat because of availability of
- raw
cotton,
- market,
- transport
including accessible port facilities,
- labor,
- moist
climate, etc.
Jute Textiles
Factors
responsible for their location in the Hugli basin are:
- proximity
of the jute-producing areas,
- inexpensive
water transport,
- supported
by a good network of railways, roadways, and waterways to facilitate the
movement of raw materials to the mills,
- abundant
water for processing raw jute,
- cheap
labor from West Bengal and adjoining states of Bihar, Odisha, and Uttar
Pradesh.
- Kolkata
as a large urban center provides banking, insurance, and port facilities
for the export of jute goods.
Sugar Industries
In
recent years, there has been a tendency for the mills to shift and concentrate
in the southern and western states, especially in Maharashtra. This is because
- The cane
produced here has a higher sucrose content.
- The
cooler climate also ensures a longer crushing season.
- The
cooperatives are more successful in these states.
Iron and Steel Industry
Iron
ore, coking coal, and limestone are required in a ratio of approximately 4 : 2
: 1. Some quantities of manganese, are also required to harden the steel.
Chhotanagpur
plateau region has the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries
because of:
- low cost
of iron ore,
- high-grade
raw materials in proximity,
- cheap
labor
- vast
growth potential in the home market.
Industrial
Pollution and Environmental Degradation
Industries
cause environmental degradation in the following ways:
- Air
pollution: High proportion of carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, and carbon
monoxide create air pollution. Suspended particulate matters also create
problems.
- Water
pollution: Organic and inorganic industrial wastes and effluents cause
water pollution. Paper, pulp, chemicals, textiles, dyeing, petroleum
refineries, etc. are the main culprits of water pollution.
- Thermal
pollution: Hot water from factories and thermal plants is drained into
rivers and ponds before cooling.
- Radioactive
waste: wastes from nuclear power plants cause cancer, birth defects,
miscarriages, etc.
- Noise
pollution: Results in irritation, hypertension, and hearing impairment.
Control
of Environmental Degradation
Ways
to prevent environmental degradation by industries:
- Water
should be reused and recycled in the industry. This will help in
minimizing the use of fresh water.
- Rainwater
harvesting should be promoted.
- Hot
water and effluents should be treated before being released into rivers
and ponds.
- Overdrawing
of groundwater needs to be regulated legally.
- Particulate
matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks into factories
with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, etc.
- Smoke
can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories.
- Machinery and generators should be fitted with silencers.
📘 Class 10 Geography – Chapter 6: Manufacturing Industries
✅ NCERT Textbook Questions and Answers
🔹 Q1. What is manufacturing?
Answer:
Manufacturing is the process of production of goods in large quantities after processing raw materials into more valuable products. It helps in adding value to raw materials and supports industrial growth.
🔹 Q2. Name any three physical factors for the location of an industry.
Answer:
-
Availability of raw materials
-
Access to water and power supply
-
Favorable climate and flat land
🔹 Q3. Name any three human factors for the location of an industry.
Answer:
-
Availability of labour
-
Access to markets
-
Transport and communication facilities
🔹 Q4. What are the key industries based on the source of raw materials?
Answer:
Industries are classified as:
-
Agro-based industries (e.g., cotton, jute, sugar)
-
Mineral-based industries (e.g., iron and steel, cement)
🔹 Q5. What is the contribution of industry to national economy?
Answer:
-
Contributes 27% to India’s GDP (as of latest data)
-
Generates employment
-
Supports agriculture and services
-
Enhances export earnings
🔹 Q6. Classify industries on the basis of capital investment.
Answer:
-
Small-scale industries: Investment ≤ ₹1 crore (e.g., toy-making)
-
Large-scale industries: Investment > ₹1 crore (e.g., iron & steel, automobiles)
🔹 Q7. Why is the textile industry considered the only industry in India which is self-reliant?
Answer:
Because it completes the entire process from raw material to finished product (spinning → weaving → dyeing → finishing) within the country using local resources.
🔹 Q8. What are the major challenges faced by the jute industry in India?
Answer:
-
Competition from synthetic substitutes
-
High cost of production
-
Stiff competition from Bangladesh in global markets
🔹 Q9. Why is the iron and steel industry called a basic industry?
Answer:
Because it provides raw materials for other industries, such as machine tools, automobiles, construction, etc., and supports industrial infrastructure.
🔹 Q10. What are the major problems of the iron and steel industry in India?
Answer:
-
High cost of inputs
-
Low availability of coking coal
-
Inefficient infrastructure and outdated technology
🔹 Q11. How can we reduce environmental degradation caused by industries?
Answer:
-
Use of clean and green technologies
-
Proper treatment of industrial waste
-
Adopting pollution control norms
-
Relocation of polluting industries away from residential areas
📘 Class 10 Geography – Chapter 6: Manufacturing Industries
🔎 Past CBSE Board Questions with Answers (1, 3, and 5 Marks)
Aligned with CBSE Marking Scheme | Useful for 2025 Board Exam Prep
🟦 1-Mark Questions (Very Short Answer / Objective)
-
Q: Why is the iron and steel industry called a basic industry?
A: Because it provides raw materials for other industries like engineering, construction, and automobiles.
(CBSE 2020) -
Q: Which city is known as the “Manchester of India”?
A: Ahmedabad
(CBSE 2017) -
Q: Name one agro-based and one mineral-based industry.
A: Agro-based – Cotton Textile Industry; Mineral-based – Iron and Steel Industry
(CBSE 2018) -
Q: Which state is the largest producer of jute in India?
A: West Bengal
(CBSE 2016)
🟦 3-Mark Questions (Short Answer Type)
-
Q: Explain any three physical factors influencing the location of industries.
(CBSE 2023)
Answer:-
Raw materials: Proximity to resources reduces cost.
-
Power: Industries require electricity or fuel for operation.
-
Climate and water supply: Favorable conditions support industrial processes.
-
-
Q: Mention three major challenges faced by the jute textile industry in India.
(CBSE 2020)
Answer:-
Stiff competition from synthetic alternatives.
-
High cost of jute production.
-
Competition in global markets, especially from Bangladesh.
-
-
Q: Mention any three problems faced by the cotton textile industry in India.
(CBSE 2019)
Answer:-
Power supply shortages.
-
Obsolete machinery in older mills.
-
Stiff competition from synthetic fibres.
-
-
Q: Explain the importance of the manufacturing sector in the Indian economy.
(CBSE 2018)
Answer:-
Helps in modernizing agriculture.
-
Reduces unemployment and poverty.
-
Expands trade and commerce.
-
-
Q: What is the contribution of industries to national development?
(CBSE 2022)
Answer:-
Generates employment.
-
Increases GDP and exports.
-
Promotes balanced regional growth.
-
🟦 5-Mark Questions (Long Answer Type)
-
Q: Explain five factors that affect the location of industries.
(CBSE 2023)
Answer:-
Availability of raw materials
-
Power resources (coal, electricity)
-
Access to markets
-
Skilled and unskilled labor
-
Transport and communication facilities
-
-
Q: Describe the major industrial regions of India.
(CBSE 2022)
Answer:-
Mumbai-Pune region
-
Hugli industrial belt
-
Bangalore-Tamil Nadu region
-
Chotanagpur region
-
Delhi-Ghaziabad-Meerut region
-
-
Q: How does the manufacturing industry help in modernizing agriculture? Mention any four points.
(CBSE 2017)
Answer:-
Provides tools and machinery (e.g., tractors).
-
Supplies fertilizers and pesticides.
-
Aids in processing agricultural produce.
-
Enhances storage and packaging for crops.
-
-
Q: Describe any five steps that can be taken to minimize the environmental degradation caused by industries.
(CBSE 2019)
Answer:-
Treatment of industrial waste before discharge.
-
Use of cleaner fuels and technologies.
-
Planting trees in and around industrial areas.
-
Relocating polluting industries.
-
Enforcing pollution control laws.
-
🗺️ Map-Based Questions (Asked in multiple years)
CBSE often includes map questions like:
-
Locate and label the following on the political map of India:
-
Iron and Steel plants: Bhilai, Bokaro, Durgapur, Jamshedpur
-
Cotton textile centres: Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Coimbatore
-
Major industrial regions: Mumbai-Pune belt, Chotanagpur region
-
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