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  Current Electricity Class 12 – Complete Guide with Concepts, Formulas, NCERT Solutions & CBSE Previous Year Questions Chapter 3:Current Electricity 3.1 Introduction to Current Electricity 3.2 Electric Current 3.3 Electric Current in Conductors 3.4 Ohm’s Law And Limitations of Ohm’s Law 3.5 Drift of Electrons and the Origin of Resistivity 3.6 Resistivity of Various Materials 3.7 Temperature Dependance of Resistivity 3.8 Electrical Energy, Power 3.9 Combination of Resistors-Series and Parallel 3.10 Cells, emf, Internal Resistance 3.11 Cells in Series and in Parallel 3.12 Kirchhoff’s Rules 3.13 Wheatstone Bridge 3.14 Metre Bridge 3.15 Potentiometer 1. Introduction to Electric Current Charges in motion constitute an electric current . Naturally occurring currents include phenomena like lightning, where charges flow from clouds to the earth, though this flow is not steady. Many everyday devices, such a...

1. Introduction to Electrostatic Potential Energy and Conservative Forces Potential energy was previously introduced in Class XI in the context of spring and gravitational forces. When an external force performs work to move a body against a force (like spring or gravitational force), that work is stored as the potential energy of the body. If the external force is removed, the body moves, converting potential energy into kinetic energy while conserving their sum. Forces that conserve the sum of kinetic and potential energies are called conservative forces . Examples of conservative forces include spring force and gravitational force. The Coulomb force between two stationary charges is also a conservative force, similar to gravitational force due to its inverse-square dependence on distance. Electrostatic potential energy can be defined for a charge within an electrostatic field, analogous to the potential energy of a mass in a gravitational field. 2. Electrostatic Pote...