Seshu cheera

Unit 11 – Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 11.1 Classification 11.2 Nomenclature 11.3 Structures of Functional Groups 11.4 Alcohols and Phenols 11.5 Some Commercially Important Alcohols 11.6 Ethers I. Introduction to Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers Alcohols and phenols are formed when one or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon (aliphatic and aromatic, respectively) are replaced by a hydroxyl (-OH) group . These compounds are fundamental for various applications in industry and daily life, such as detergents, antiseptics, and fragrances. For instance, ethanol, a hydroxyl-containing compound, is the main component of spirit used for polishing wooden furniture. Sugar, cotton, and paper also consist of compounds with -OH groups. This unit specifically discusses the chemistry of alcohols, phenols, and ethers. II. Classification Alcohols, phenols, and ethers are classified to facilitate systematic study. A. Alcohols Alcohols are classified based on the number of hydroxyl groups and the hybr...

Unit 10 – Haloalkanes and Haloarenes 10.1 Classification 10.2 Nomenclature 10.3 Nature of C–X Bond 10.4 Methods of Preparation of Haloalkanes 10.5 Preparation of Haloarenes 10.6 Physical Properties 10.7 Chemical Reactions 10.8 Polyhalogen Compounds Introduction to Haloalkanes and Haloarenes Haloalkanes (alkyl halides) and haloarenes (aryl halides) are organic compounds formed when one or more hydrogen atoms in an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon are replaced by halogen atoms. Haloalkanes contain halogen atom(s) attached to an sp3 hybridised carbon atom of an alkyl group. Haloarenes contain halogen atom(s) attached to sp2 hybridised carbon atom(s) of an aryl group. These compounds are widely used in industry and daily life as solvents for non-polar compounds and as starting materials for synthesizing various organic compounds . Many naturally occurring halogen compounds are clinically useful, such as chloramphenicol (an antibiotic for typhoid fever), thyroxine (an iodine-co...