Seshu cheera

  Unit 9 – Coordination Compounds 9.1 Werner’s Theory of Coordination Compounds 9.2 Definitions of Some Important Terms Of Coordination Compounds 9.3 Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds 9.4 Isomerism in Coordination Compounds 9.5 Bonding in Coordination Compounds 9.6 Bonding in Metal Carbonyls 9.7 Importance and Applications of Coordination Compounds Coordination compounds are a central and challenging area of modern inorganic chemistry, forming the backbone of modern inorganic and bio-inorganic chemistry and the chemical industry . These compounds involve metal atoms bound to various anions or neutral molecules by sharing electrons. They are vital components in biological systems, act as industrial catalysts, and are used in analytical reagents, electroplating, textile dyeing, and medicinal chemistry. Here are the important pointers regarding coordination compounds, based on the provided sources: 1. Werner’s Theory of Coordination Compounds Alfred Werner, a Swiss chemist, was t...

 Unit 7: The p-Block Elements  7.1 Group 15 Elements 7.2 Dinitrogen 7.3 Ammonia 7.4 Oxides of Nitrogen 7.5 Nitric Acid 7.6 Phosphorus – Allotropic Forms 7.7 Phosphine 7.8 Phosphorus Halides 7.9 Oxoacids of Phosphorus 7.10 Group 16 Elements 7.11 Dioxygen 7.12 Simple Oxides 7.13 Ozone 7.14 Sulphur – Allotropic Forms 7.15 Sulphur Dioxide 7.16 Oxoacids of Sulphur 7.17 Sulphuric Acid 7.18 Group 17 Elements 7.19 Chlorine 7.20 Hydrogen Chloride 7.21 Oxoacids of Halogens 7.22 Interhalogen Compounds 7.23 Group 18 Elements I. General Properties and Trends in p-Block Elements Affinity for Hydrogen and Bond Dissociation Enthalpy The affinity for hydrogen decreases as you go down the group from fluorine to iodine within the halogens ``. Consequently, the highest bond dissociation enthalpy among halogen acids (HF, HCl, HBr, HI) is found in HF ``. This implies a stronger bond that is harder to break. Reducing Behavior and Bond Dissociation Enthalpy The strength of a reducing ag...

  Class 10 CBSE Maths – Chapter 10: Circles 🔹 Key Concepts and Theorems ✅ Circle A circle is the set of all points in a plane that are equidistant from a fixed point (the centre ). The fixed distance is called the radius . ✅ Basic Terms Chord : A line segment joining two points on a circle. Diameter : A chord passing through the centre (longest chord). Tangent : A line that touches the circle at exactly one point . Point of Contact : The point where the tangent touches the circle. Secant : A line that intersects the circle at two distinct points . 📘 Important Theorems 🔸 Theorem 1: The tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius at the point of contact. If a line touches a circle at only one point, then: Radius ⊥ Tangent at the point of contact \text{Radius} \perp \text{Tangent at the point of contact} 🔸 Theorem 2: The lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal. If PA and PB are ta...

  Class 10 CBSE Maths – Chapter 9: Some Applications of Trigonometry 🔹 Key Concepts ✅ Line of Sight A line drawn from the eye of an observer to the point being viewed. ✅ Angle of Elevation The angle between the horizontal and the line of sight when the point being viewed is above the horizontal level. ✅ Angle of Depression The angle between the horizontal and the line of sight when the point being viewed is below the horizontal level. 📘 Trigonometric Ratios Used In all questions involving height and distance, use these ratios: sin ⁡ θ = Perpendicular Hypotenuse , cos ⁡ θ = Base Hypotenuse , tan ⁡ θ = Perpendicular Base \sin\theta = \frac{\text{Perpendicular}}{\text{Hypotenuse}}, \quad \cos\theta = \frac{\text{Base}}{\text{Hypotenuse}}, \quad \tan\theta = \frac{\text{Perpendicular}}{\text{Base}} Most problems in this chapter use right-angled triangles and involve tan θ . 🧠 Important Notes: Always draw a diagram to represent the situation. Use t...

  Class 10 CBSE Maths – Chapter 7: Coordinate Geometry 🔹 Key Concepts and Formulas ✅ Coordinate Plane A plane with two perpendicular lines (axes): x-axis (horizontal) and y-axis (vertical) The point of intersection is called the origin (0, 0) Coordinates are written as (x, y) ✅ Quadrants I Quadrant: (+x, +y) II Quadrant: (–x, +y) III Quadrant: (–x, –y) IV Quadrant: (+x, –y) ✅ Distance Formula To find distance between two points A ( x 1 , y 1 ) A(x_1, y_1) and B ( x 2 , y 2 ) B(x_2, y_2) : A B = ( x 2 − x 1 ) 2 + ( y 2 − y 1 ) 2 AB = \sqrt{(x_2 - x_1)^2 + (y_2 - y_1)^2} ✅ Section Formula To find coordinates of a point P which divides the line segment AB in the ratio m : n m:n : P = ( m x 2 + n x 1 m + n , m y 2 + n y 1 m + n ) P = \left( \frac{mx_2 + nx_1}{m+n}, \frac{my_2 + ny_1}{m+n} \right) ✅ Midpoint Formula Special case of section formula when m = n: Midpoint = ( x 1 + x 2 2 , y 1 + y 2 2 ) \text{Midpoint} = \left( \frac{x_1 + ...

  Class 10 CBSE Maths – Chapter 6:Triangles 🔹 Key Concepts and Theorems ✅ Similar Figures Figures having the same shape but not necessarily the same size. All congruent figures are similar but not all similar figures are congruent. ✅ Similar Triangles Two triangles are similar if: Their corresponding angles are equal Their corresponding sides are in the same ratio (proportional) Criteria for Similarity of Triangles: AA (Angle-Angle) Criterion : Two triangles are similar if two angles of one triangle are respectively equal to two angles of another triangle. SSS (Side-Side-Side) Criterion : If the sides of two triangles are in the same ratio, then the triangles are similar. SAS (Side-Angle-Side) Criterion : If one angle of a triangle is equal to one angle of another triangle and the sides including these angles are in the same ratio. ✅ Basic Proportionality Theorem (Thales Theorem) Statement: If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triang...