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  Chemical Kinetics Class 12 – Notes, NCERT Solutions, Formulas & CBSE PYQs | Unit 4 Chemistry Chemical kinetics is a fundamental branch of chemistry focused on understanding the speed of chemical reactions and their underlying mechanisms. It investigates how substances with defined properties are transformed into other substances with different properties through chemical reactions. Unit 4 – Chemical Kinetics 4.1 Rate of a Chemical Reaction 4.2 Factors Influencing Rate of a Reaction 4.3 Integrated Rate Equations 4.4 Temperature Dependence of the Rate of a Reaction 4.5 Collision Theory of Chemical Reactions I. What is Chemical Kinetics? Chemistry is inherently concerned with change, specifically how chemical reactions convert substances. To fully understand any chemical reaction, chemists aim to determine: Feasibility : Whether a reaction can occur, which is predicted by thermodynamics (a reaction is feasible if Gibbs energy, ΔG, is less than 0 at constant tempe...

Electrochemistry Class 12 – Notes, NCERT Solutions, Formulas & CBSE PYQs | Unit 3 Chemistry Guide Unit 3 – Electrochemistry 3.1 Electrochemical Cells 3.2 Galvanic Cells 3.3 Nernst Equation 3.4 Conductance of Electrolytic Solutions 3.5 Electrolytic Cells and Electrolysis 3.6 Batteries 3.7 Fuel Cells 3.8 Corrosion 1. Introduction to Electrochemistry Electrochemistry is a branch of chemistry that studies the relationship between electrical energy and chemical reactions. Definition : It involves two main aspects: The production of electricity from the energy released during spontaneous chemical reactions. The use of electrical energy to drive non-spontaneous chemical transformations. Significance : Electrochemistry is important for both theoretical and practical considerations. Industrial Applications : Many metals (like sodium), sodium hydroxide, chlorine, fluorine, and other chemicals are produced using electrochemical methods. Energy Conversion : Batteries...

Solutions Class 12 – Notes, NCERT Solutions, Formulas & CBSE PYQs | Chemistry Unit 2 Guide Unit 2 – Solutions 2.1 Types of Solutions 2.2 Expressing Concentration of Solutions 2.3 Solubility 2.4 Vapour Pressure of Liquid Solutions 2.5 Ideal and Non-ideal Solutions 2.6 Colligative Properties and Determination of Molar Mass 2.7 Abnormal Molar Masses  1. Introduction to Solutions In everyday life, we rarely encounter pure substances, as most are mixtures of two or more pure substances. A solution is defined as a homogeneous mixture of two or more components . Homogeneous means that the solution's composition and properties are uniform throughout. Components of a Solution : Solvent : The component present in the largest quantity, which determines the physical state of the solution. Solute(s) : One or more components present in the solution other than the solvent. Binary Solutions : In this unit, primarily binary solutions are considered, meaning they consist ...