Seshu cheera

Unit 10 – Haloalkanes and Haloarenes 10.1 Classification 10.2 Nomenclature 10.3 Nature of C–X Bond 10.4 Methods of Preparation of Haloalkanes 10.5 Preparation of Haloarenes 10.6 Physical Properties 10.7 Chemical Reactions 10.8 Polyhalogen Compounds Introduction to Haloalkanes and Haloarenes Haloalkanes (alkyl halides) and haloarenes (aryl halides) are organic compounds formed when one or more hydrogen atoms in an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon are replaced by halogen atoms. Haloalkanes contain halogen atom(s) attached to an sp3 hybridised carbon atom of an alkyl group. Haloarenes contain halogen atom(s) attached to sp2 hybridised carbon atom(s) of an aryl group. These compounds are widely used in industry and daily life as solvents for non-polar compounds and as starting materials for synthesizing various organic compounds . Many naturally occurring halogen compounds are clinically useful, such as chloramphenicol (an antibiotic for typhoid fever), thyroxine (an iodine-co...

 Unit 7: The p-Block Elements  7.1 Group 15 Elements 7.2 Dinitrogen 7.3 Ammonia 7.4 Oxides of Nitrogen 7.5 Nitric Acid 7.6 Phosphorus – Allotropic Forms 7.7 Phosphine 7.8 Phosphorus Halides 7.9 Oxoacids of Phosphorus 7.10 Group 16 Elements 7.11 Dioxygen 7.12 Simple Oxides 7.13 Ozone 7.14 Sulphur – Allotropic Forms 7.15 Sulphur Dioxide 7.16 Oxoacids of Sulphur 7.17 Sulphuric Acid 7.18 Group 17 Elements 7.19 Chlorine 7.20 Hydrogen Chloride 7.21 Oxoacids of Halogens 7.22 Interhalogen Compounds 7.23 Group 18 Elements I. General Properties and Trends in p-Block Elements Affinity for Hydrogen and Bond Dissociation Enthalpy The affinity for hydrogen decreases as you go down the group from fluorine to iodine within the halogens ``. Consequently, the highest bond dissociation enthalpy among halogen acids (HF, HCl, HBr, HI) is found in HF ``. This implies a stronger bond that is harder to break. Reducing Behavior and Bond Dissociation Enthalpy The strength of a reducing ag...