Minerals and Energy Resources Class 10 – Complete Notes, NCERT Solutions & CBSE 2025 Prep Guide
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Begin your journey to confidently understand Minerals and Energy Resources – Chapter 5 of Class 10 Social Science – with this simplified and student-friendly guide. Tailored for CBSE 2023–24 board exam preparation, these notes offer a clear, concise explanation of one of the most important chapters in Geography.
Explore the fascinating world of minerals, learning about their formation, classification, and role in economic development. Then, dive into the various energy resources, understand their global distribution, and examine their environmental impact—all in one easy-to-grasp resource designed to boost your exam performance.
Subject
Social Science (Geography)
Class
10
Board
CBSE and State Boards
Chapter No.
5
Chapter Name
Minerals and Energy Resources
Type
Notes
Session
2024-25
Weightage
3-6 marks
Minerals and Energy Resources Class 10 Notes
Table of Contents
Mode of Occurrence of Minerals
·Minerals generally occur in these forms:
Ferrous Minerals
·Iron Ore
·Manganese
Non-Ferrous Minerals
·Copper
·Bauxite
Non-Metallic Minerals
·Mica
Rock Minerals
·Limestone
Hazards of Mining
Conservation of Minerals
Energy Resources
Conventional Sources of Energy
·Coal
·Petroleum
·Natural Gas
·Electricity
Non-Conventional Sources of Energy
·Nuclear or Atomic Energy
·Solar Energy
·Wind Power
·Biogas
·Tidal Energy
·Geo-Thermal Energy
Conservation of Energy Resources
Minerals
A
mineral is a homogenous, naturally occurring substance with a definable
internal structure.
Minerals
are found in varied forms in nature, ranging from the hardest diamond to
the softest talc.
Mode of Occurrence of
Minerals
Factors
that make mineral extractions commercially viable are:
The
concentration of minerals in the ore.
The ease
of extraction
Closeness
to the market
Minerals generally occur in these forms:
1.
In igneous and metamorphic rocks minerals may occur in the cracks, crevices,
faults, or joints. The smaller occurrences are called veins and
the larger are called lodes.
Major
metallic minerals like tin, copper, zinc lead, etc. are obtained from veins and
lodes.
2. In sedimentary rocks a number of minerals occur in beds or layers. They
have been formed as a result of deposition, accumulation, and concentration in
horizontal strata.
Another
group of sedimentary minerals include gypsum, potash salt, and sodium salt.
These are formed as a result of evaporation,
especially in arid regions.
3.
Decomposition of surface rocks, and the removal of soluble constituents,
leaving a residual
mass of weathered material containing ores. Bauxite is
formed this way.
4.
Certain minerals may occur as alluvial
deposits in the sands of valley floors and the base of
hills. These deposits are called placer deposits.
Gold,
silver, tin, and platinum are the most important among such minerals.
5. The ocean waters contain vast quantities of minerals. Common
salt, magnesium, and bromine are largely derived from ocean waters.
Ferrous Minerals
Iron Ore
Magnetite:
Finest iron ore, has up to 70% iron content.
Hematite:
Has a slightly lower iron content (50-60%).
The
major iron ore belts in India are:
Odisha-Jharkhand belt: In Odisha high-grade hematite ore is found in
Badampahar mines in the Mayurbhanj and Kendujhar districts.
Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt: It lies in Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra. Very
high-grade hematites are found in the famous Bailadila range of hills in
the Bastar district of Chhattisgarh. It has the best physical properties
needed for steel making.
Ballari-Chitradurga-ChikkamagaluruTumakuru belt in Karnataka has large
reserves of iron ore. Kudremukh deposits are known to be one of the
largest in the world.
Maharashtra-Goa belt includes
the state of Goa and Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra.
Manganese
Uses
of Manganese ore are:
It is
used in the manufacturing of steel and ferromanganese alloys.
To
manufacture bleaching powder.
To
manufacture insecticides.
To
manufacture paints.
Non-Ferrous Minerals
Copper
Being
malleable, ductile, and a good conductor, copper is mainly used in
electrical cables, electronics, and chemical industries.
The
Balaghat mines in Madhya Pradesh, the Khetri mines in Rajasthan, and the
Singhbhum district of Jharkhand are leading producers of copper.
Bauxite
Formation:
Bauxite deposits are formed by the decomposition of a wide variety of rocks
rich in aluminium silicates.
Uses:
Bauxite
is a clay-like substance from which alumina and later aluminium are
obtained.
Aluminium
is an important metal because it combines the strength of metals such as
iron with extreme lightness and also with good conductivity and great
malleability.
Distribution:
Bauxite
is found in the Amarkantak Plateau, Maikal Hills, and the plateau region
of Bilaspur-Katni.
Odisha
is the largest bauxite-producing state in India.
Non-Metallic Minerals
Mica
Mica
is a mineral made up of a series of plates or leaves. It splits easily into
thin sheets.
Mica
is considered the most important mineral in electrical and electronic
industries because:
Excellent
dielectric strength
Low
power loss factor
Insulating
properties
Resistance
to high voltage.
Rock Minerals
Limestone
It is
found in association with rocks composed of calcium carbonates or calcium
and magnesium carbonates.
It is
found in sedimentary rocks of most geological formations.
Limestone
is the basic raw material for the cement industry and is essential for
smelting iron ore in the blast furnace.
Hazards of Mining
Problems
for miners:
The
miners have to work under tough conditions where no natural light is
available.
There is
always a risk of collapse of the mine roof, inundation with water, and
fire.
Miners
are at great risk of getting afflicted with pulmonary disorders.
Environmental
Damage:
The
water sources in the region get contaminated due to mining.
Dumping
of waste and slurry leads to the degradation of land, and soil, and an
increase in stream and river pollution.
Conservation
of Minerals
We
need to conserve minerals because:
The
strong dependence of industry and agriculture upon mineral deposits and
the substances manufactured from them.
The
geological processes of mineral formation are very slow.
Mineral
resources are finite and non-renewable.
Continued
extraction of ores leads to increasing costs as mineral extraction comes
from greater depths along with a decrease in quality.
Ways
to conserve minerals:
A
concerted effort has to be made in order to use mineral resources in a
planned and sustainable manner.
Improved
technologies need to be constantly evolved to allow the use of low-grade
ores at low costs.
Recycling
of metals, using scrap metals and other substitutes.
Energy Resources
Conventional source of energy
Non-conventional source of
energy
1. These are the traditional sources of energy produced
from coal, petroleum, and natural gas.
1. These are the sources of energy developed recently from
the sun, wind, tide, etc.
2. They are non-renewable.
2. They are renewable.
3. Their generation is expensive.
3. Their generation is cheaper.
4. They pollute the atmosphere on a large scale.
4. They are pollution-free/less pollution sources.
5. Example: coal, petroleum, natural gas, etc.
5. Example: Solar energy, wind energy, tidal power, etc.
Firewood and cattle dung cake are most common in rural
India. More than 70% energy requirement of rural households is met by
these two.
Continual
use of firewood is increasingly becoming difficult due to decreasing
forest area. Using dung cake is discouraged because it consumes the most
valuable manure which could be used in agriculture.
Conventional Sources of
Energy
Coal
The
most abundantly available fossil fuel in India is coal.
Forms
of Coal:
Peat: It
has low carbon and high moisture content and low heating capacity.
Lignite:
It is low-grade brown coal that is soft with high moisture content. It is
used for generating electricity.
Bituminous:
It is the most popular coal for commercial use. It has a special value for
smelting iron in blast furnaces.
Anthracite:
It is the highest quality hard coal.
Petroleum
Importance
of petroleum:
It
provides fuel for heat and lighting
It
provides lubricants for machinery
It
provides raw materials for a number of manufacturing industries.
Petroleum
refineries act as a ‘nodal industry’ for synthetic textile, fertilizer,
and numerous chemical industries.
Occurrence
of petroleum:
Most of
the petroleum occurrences in India are associated with anticlines and
fault traps in the rock formations of the tertiary age.
In
regions of folding, anticline, or domes, it occurs where oil is trapped in
the crest of the upfold.
Petroleum
is also found in fault traps between porous and non-porous rocks.
Natural Gas
Natural
Gas is found in petroleum deposits and is released when crude oil is brought to
the surface.
Electricity
Two
main ways of generating electricity:
Hydroelectricity
Thermal
electricity.
Thermal Electricity
Hydro Electricity
1. It is obtained by using coal, petroleum, and natural
gas.
1. It is produced from water.
2. It is a non-renewable resource.
2. It is renewable.
3. It causes pollution.
3. It does not cause pollution.
4. It is expensive in the long run.
4. It is cheaper in the long run.
Non-Conventional
Sources of Energy
Nuclear or
Atomic Energy
Uranium
and Thorium are used to obtain nuclear energy.
Nuclear
energy is obtained by altering the structure of atoms. When such an alteration
is made, much energy is released in the form of heat and this is used to
generate electric power.
Solar Energy
Solar
energy can solve the energy problems to some extent in India:
India is
a tropical country therefore it receives sunlight in abundance throughout
the year.
Solar
plants can be easily established in rural and remote areas.
It will
minimize the dependence of rural households on firewood and dung cakes
which in turn will contribute to environmental conservation and adequate
quantity of manure.
Ways
to improve usage of solar energy:
Reducing
the cost of solar panels.
Use of
efficient solar panel models.
Creating
awareness about the importance of renewable energy.
Easy
installation process.
Avoid
installing solar panels in shaded areas.
Wind Power
India
has great potential for wind power. The largest wind farm cluster is located in
Tamil Nadu from Nagarcoil to Madurai.
Nagarcoil
and Jaisalmer are well known for the effective use of wind energy in the
country.
Biogas
Shrubs,
farm waste, animal and human waste are used to produce biogas for domestic
consumption in rural areas.
High thermal
efficiency in comparison to kerosene, dung cake, and charcoal.
It burns
without smoke, causing no pollution.
The
plants using cattle dung are known as ‘Gobar gas plants’
in rural India.
These
provide twin benefits to the farmer in the form of energy and improved
quality of manure.
Biogas
is by far the most efficient use of cattle dung.
·Provision of energy
·Improved quality of manure.
Tidal Energy
Floodgate
dams are built across inlets. The water flows into the inlet during high tide
and gets trapped when the gate is closed. Once the tide recedes, the gates are
opened so that water can flow back to the sea/ocean. The flow of water is used
to run the turbine to generate electricity.
Geo-Thermal
Energy
Geothermal
energy refers to the heat and electricity produced by using the heat from the
interior of the Earth. Geothermal energy exists because the Earth grows
progressively hotter with increasing depth.
Two
experimental projects have been set up in India to harness geothermal energy:
One is
located in the Parvati valley near Manikarn in Himachal Pradesh.
The
other is located in the Puga Valley, Ladakh.
Conservation of Energy
Resources
Ways
to conserve energy resources are:
We have
to adopt a cautious approach to the judicious use of our limited energy
resources.
Using
public transport systems instead of individual vehicles.
Switching
off electricity when not in use.
Using
power-saving devices
Using
non-conventional sources of energy.
📘 Class 10 Geography – Chapter 5: Minerals and Energy Resources
✅ NCERT Textbook Questions and Answers
🔹 Q1. Distinguish between the following in not more than 30 words:
a. Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Minerals
Answer:
Ferrous minerals contain iron (e.g., iron ore, manganese).
Non-ferrous minerals do not contain iron (e.g., copper, bauxite).
b. Conventional and Non-Conventional Sources of Energy
Answer:
Conventional sources include coal, petroleum, and natural gas; used for a long time.
Non-conventional sources include solar, wind, tidal energy; renewable and eco-friendly.
🔹 Q2. What is a mineral?
Answer:
A mineral is a naturally occurring substance with a definite chemical composition and structure. They are formed through geological processes over millions of years.
🔹 Q3. How are minerals formed in igneous and metamorphic rocks?
Answer:
In igneous and metamorphic rocks, minerals are formed through:
Cooling and solidification of molten magma (e.g., tin, copper, zinc)
Changes in temperature and pressure that form new minerals (e.g., mica, graphite)
🔹 Q4. Why do we need to conserve mineral resources?
Answer:
Minerals are non-renewable and take millions of years to form. Rapid consumption leads to exhaustion. Conservation ensures sustainable use for future generations.
🔹 Q5. Describe the distribution of minerals in India.
Answer:
Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh: Rich in iron ore, bauxite, and coal
Rajasthan: Lead, zinc, copper
Maharashtra & Madhya Pradesh: Manganese
Gujarat & Assam: Petroleum
Tamil Nadu & Karnataka: Limestone
🔹 Q6. Explain the classification of energy resources.
🔹 Q7. What are the advantages of non-conventional sources of energy?
Answer:
Renewable and sustainable
Eco-friendly and non-polluting
Reduce dependence on fossil fuels
Available locally (e.g., solar in sunny regions)
🔹 Q8. Write a short note on the conservation of energy resources.
Answer:
Energy conservation is essential to reduce over-dependence on fossil fuels. We should use energy-efficient appliances, public transport, switch to renewables, and promote awareness for sustainable development.
Past CBSE Board Exam Questions – Chapter 5: Minerals and Energy Resources
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